Iyi mashini ifunga filime ikora ku buryo bwikora ikundwa n’ibigo bito n’ibiciriritse bitunganya ibiribwa bitewe n’ubushobozi bwayo bwo gufunga, imikorere yayo ihamye, n’ingaruka nziza zo gufunga. Ikoreshwa cyane mu gukora imifuka yoroshye yo gupfunyika. Iyo hari ibibazo by’imbaraga zo gufunga impande, hagati, cyangwa hasi mu gihe cyo gukora imifuka ya pulasitiki, iyi mashini ishobora gukoreshwa mu kongera gufunga kugira ngo yuzuze ibisabwa kugira ngo ifunze neza ubushyuhe.
Ariko, nyuma yo gukoreshwa igihe kirekire, cyane cyane iyo ikora cyangwa ikorerwa ibintu byinshi cyane, imashini ikunze guhura n’ibibazo by’amashanyarazi n’imashini. Ibi birimo: gufunga nabi, gukora nabi kw’imashini igihe gito, gusohora ibyuma mu gihe cyo gutangira, amajwi yo "gucura" mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha, ubushyuhe budacungwa, guhinduka no kunama kw’imifuka irangiye aho ifungirwa, hamwe n’isura y’utubyimba cyangwa ibimenyetso bidahuye n’igihe aho ifungirwa. Ishingiye ku bunararibonye bwo kuyikoresha, iyi nkuru isesengura impamvu z’amakosa menshi asanzwe, itanga ibisubizo bihuye nayo, kandi ikaganira ku kubungabunga imashini ifungirwa, yizeye ko izafasha ibigo n’abantu ku giti cyabo bakoresha imashini.
1. Gufunga nabi
Gufunga nabi ni kimwe mu bintu bikunze kugaragara mu mashini ifunga. Hari ibisobanuro bitatu by'ugufunga nabi:
- Isakoshi yo gupfunyikamo ntishobora gupfundikirwa aho ipfundikirwa.
- Nubwo umunwa w'igikapu ufunze bitewe n'igitutu cy'icyuma gifunga, uzongera gucikamo kabiri ukoresheje gukanda gato cyangwa gukata.
- Mu gihe cyo gupima aho ipfundikirwa, kimwe cya kabiri cy'ipfundikirwa gifunze neza mu gihe ikindi gice gitandukanye. Ubwiza bw'ipfundikirwa ry'ipfundikirwa nk'iryo ntiburasobanuka kuko ibirimo bishobora kuva byoroshye mu gihe cyo kubibika no kubitwara iyo bipfundikiwe. Ibi bikunze kubaho iyo ibikoresho by'ipfundikirwa bivanze ari OPP cyangwa PE yapfundikiwe.
Impamvu z'ubwoko bwa mbere bw'ikosa ni izi zikurikira:
- Ubushyuhe budahagije bwo kuziba ubushyuhe. Mu bihe bisanzwe, ku mifuka ivanze ifite OPP nk'ibikoresho byo ku ruhande n'ubugari bwa 80-90μm, ubushyuhe bwo kuziba ubushyuhe bugomba kugera kuri 170-180℃. Ku mifuka ivanze ifite PE nk'ibikoresho byo ku ruhande n'ubugari bwa 85-100μm, ubushyuhe bugomba kugenzurwa kuri 180-200℃. Igihe cyose ubunini bw'umufuka bwiyongereye, ubushyuhe bwo kuziba ubushyuhe bugomba kwiyongera mu buryo bungana.
- Umuvuduko wo kuziba ubushyuhe wihuta cyane. Kudashobora kuziba isakoshi bifitanye isano n'umuvuduko w'imashini iziba. Iyo umuvuduko wihuta cyane, aho iziba ntihazagira umwanya uhagije wo kuziba mbere yuko zijyanwa mu cyuma gikonjesha hakoreshejwe icyuma gikonjesha kugira ngo zikoreshwe, kandi birumvikana ko zidashobora kuzuza ibisabwa mu rwego rwo kuziba ubushyuhe.
- Igitutu kidakwiye cy'uruziga rwa rubber rukoreshwa mu gukonjesha. Hari uruziga rumwe rwa rubber rukoreshwa mu gukonjesha ku mpande zo hejuru no hepfo, kandi igitutu kiri hagati yabyo kigomba kuba kiri hagati. Mu gihe uhindura igitutu, komeza gusa isoko.
- Ibibazo by'ubwiza kuri firime ifunga ubushyuhe. Kudashobora gufunga isakoshi bifitanye isano n'ubwiza bwa firime ifunga ubushyuhe. Niba uburyo bwo gutunganya icyuma gifunga isakoshi mu buryo butaringaniye kandi budafite akamaro, kandi bikaba biri aho bifungirwa, ntabwo bizashobora gufunga isakoshi. Ibi ni gake cyane, ariko nibibaho, ibicuruzwa bizakurwaho. Kubwibyo, mu nganda zikora amabara yo gupakira, inzira yo hasi igenzura inzira yo hejuru. Iyo ibibazo by'ubwiza bibonetse, impamvu zigomba gusesengurwa no gukemurwa ku gihe. Iyo hari ubushuhe cyangwa umwanda aho bifungirwa, bizanatera gufunga nabi. Muri make, kugira ngo ikibazo cya mbere cy'ubushuhe butari bwiza gikemuke, ubushyuhe bufunga ubushyuhe bushobora kwiyongera neza, umuvuduko wo gufunga ubushyuhe urashobora kugabanuka, kandi igitutu cy'uruziga rw'icyuma gikonjesha gishobora kongerwa icyarimwe.
Impamvu zitera ubwoko bwa kabiri bw'ikosa ryo gufunga nabi ni izi zikurikira:
- Ubushyuhe budahagije bwo kuziba ubushyuhe. Ikibazo gishobora gukemurwa no kongera ubushyuhe bukwiye bwo kuziba ubushyuhe.
- Ubuso bw'icyuma gifunga ubushyuhe ntabwo buringaniye. Icyuma gifunga ubushyuhe gigabanyijemo ibice byo hejuru n'ibyo hasi, kandi ubusanzwe gishyirwamo thermocouple kugira ngo bumve uko ubushyuhe bwimuka. Hari vis eshatu ku cyuma gifunga ubushyuhe, vis yo hagati ishyigikira kandi igashimangira vis, naho izindi vis ebyiri zifite amasoko y'umuvuduko n'imashini zoza, zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu guhindura umuvuduko w'icyuma gifunga ubushyuhe. Utwuma two hejuru n'utwo hasi buri kimwe gifite amasoko abiri. Impamvu nyamukuru ituma ubuso bw'icyuma gifunga ubushyuhe budangana ni uko vis yo hagati idashyizwe mu buryo butambitse cyangwa umuvuduko w'isoko y'umuvuduko w'icyuma cyo hejuru gifunga ubushyuhe udangana.
- Umuti ni ugukosora aho vis yo hagati iherereye kugira ngo ibe itambitse. Iyo ibyuma byo hejuru n'ibyo hasi bifunga ubushyuhe bidahuje, bishobora kugerwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhindura impera y'umuvuduko ku rwego ruringaniye. Iyo impera ishyizwe hanze, icyuma gifunga ubushyuhe kizamanuka. Iyo impera y'icyuma cyo hasi ishyizwe hejuru, icyuma gifunga ubushyuhe kizazamuka.
- Umuvuduko utaringaniye w'uruziga rwa rubber rukoreshwa mu gukonjesha. Umuvuduko utaringaniye w'uruziga rwa rubber rukoreshwa mu gukonjesha nabyo bizatera ubu bwoko bw'ikosa ryo gufunga nabi, kandi igisubizo gisa n'icya mbere.
Impamvu zitera ubwoko bwa gatatu bw'ikosa ryo gufunga nabi ni izi zikurikira:
- Igitutu kidahuje cy'icyuma gifunga ubushyuhe cyangwa icyuma gikonjesha. Uburyo bwo guhindura icyuma gifunga ubushyuhe n'icyuma gikonjesha ni bumwe.
- Ubuso bw'icyuma gifunga ubushyuhe ntabwo buringaniye. Reba igisubizo gihuye n'icyo ku bwoko bwa kabiri bw'ikibazo cyo gufunga nabi.
2. Gutumura firizi
Moteri nyamukuru y'imashini ifunga filime ya pulasitiki ni moteri ya mbere yo mu rugo ifite agasanduku k'ibikoresho by'ingufu bya aluminiyumu, ahanini gatwara igikoresho cy'ingufu n'uburyo bwo kohereza ibikoresho bya buri gice. Hari igihe, iyo imashini ifunga itangiye, ikora ijwi "ricurama", ntikore neza, ndetse na fibre iri ku mugozi uhoraho iraguruka.
Kugira ngo ukemure iki kibazo, banza urebe niba umuriro utangwa usanzwe, hanyuma uhagarike umuriro, ukoreshe resistance range kugira ngo upime niba switch yangiritse, kandi urebe witonze niba circuit na moteri bifite circuit ya short-circuit. Ubusanzwe, iyo moteri ifite circuit ya short-circuit, winding irashya cyangwa insinga yacitse, fisue izaguruka ikimara gutangira imashini yo gufunga. Indi mpamvu y'iki kibazo ni uko specification ya fisue iba ari nto cyane. Kongera specification yayo bishobora gukemura ikibazo.
3. Ijwi "Rirangurura" mu gihe cy'igikorwa
Iri kosa ribaho mu gihe cy'imikorere y'imashini ifunga. Ijwi "rivuza" rikunze kubaho mu buryo butunguranye, rigakurikirwa n'umuvuduko utaringaniye wo gufunga, ibyo bigatuma imiterere mibi y'igipfunyika cy'isakoshi ipfunyitse, bigira ingaruka ku isura y'igicuruzwa. Hari igihe gishobora gukora neza, ariko ntibishoboka.
Iki kibazo giterwa ahanini n’ibyangiritse mu byuma cyangwa kwangirika gukomeye, ndetse no kuba amavuta adahagije. Umuti ni ukuvanga ubwoko bumwe bw’amavuta ya moteri n’amavuta yo kwisiga hanyuma ukabishyira muri gearbox, hanyuma ugafunga vis kugira ngo uyisubize. Nyuma yo gutangiza imashini, ijwi ryo "gucuranga" rirashira maze gufunga bigasubira uko byari bisanzwe.
Byongeye kandi, niba umukandara ushyushye cyane ufunguye, washaje cyane, kandi udasukuye hamwe n'umwanda hejuru, kandi ntuhuze n'uruziga rukurura mu gihe cyo gukora, uzanavuga ijwi "ricuramye". Igisubizo ni ugusimbuza umukandara ushyushye cyane ukoresheje uburyo bumwe. Hari ubuhanga runaka mu gusimbuza umukandara ushyushye cyane. Ubwa mbere, kanda impera y'uruziga rushyushye n'intoki, hanyuma ushyire impera imwe y'umukandara ushyushye cyane ku ruziga rwa rubber, hanyuma ufate indi mpera ku rundi ruziga rwa rubber n'intoki. Shyira icyuma gipima umuvuduko ku muvuduko muto. Umaze gutangira, ushingiye ku kutagira aho unyura, umukandara ushyushye cyane uzashyirwaho mu buryo bwikora.
Hari igihe ijwi "ricurama" risohoka na moteri ya DC shunt. Bishobora guterwa no kubura amavuta mu byuma bifasha moteri guhagarara. Niba ari uko bimeze, moteri igomba gukurwamo amavuta igasigwa, maze ijwi rikabura.
4. Gutakaza uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe bwo gufunga
Iri kosa rirangwa no kudakora neza kw'igipimo cy'ubushyuhe, kudashobora kugenzura ubushyuhe, ubushyuhe budahindagurika bwo kuziba ubushyuhe, kandi aho kuziba hatwitswe nabi cyangwa hafunze nabi, hamwe n'aho kuziba kwangiritse kandi kudashimishije. Impamvu nyamukuru y'iri kosa ni uko thermometer yangiritse kandi igomba gusanwa. Byongeye kandi, thermocouple ishobora no kuba yangiritse kandi idashobora kohereza ubushyuhe bw'imva kuri thermocouple. Kuyisimbuza ubwoko bumwe n'ibipimo bya thermocouple bishobora gukemura ikibazo.
Ukurikije uburyo bwa mekanike, impamvu ni uko igitutu cyo kuziba ubushyuhe kitangana. Igihe cyose isoko y'igitutu cy'icyuma cyo kuziba ubushyuhe ihinduwe kugira ngo igitutu kibe gihamye, ikibazo gishobora gukemuka. Muri icyo gihe, ubuso bw'icyuma cyo kuziba ubushyuhe bugomba kuguma busukuye kandi budafite umwanda.
Indi mpamvu ni uko ubwiza bw'ibikoresho bivanze ubwabyo butari bwiza, kandi igipimo cyo kuziba ubushyuhe kirahinduka, bigatuma ubushyuhe bushobora kwihanganira budahinduka.
5. Imikorere y'igihe gito y'imashini ifunga
Twahuye n'ikosa ryo gukora buhoro buhoro no kudahuza umuvuduko w'imashini ifunga mu gihe cyo gukora. Nyuma yo gusenya igice kiri inyuma y'imashini ifunga, byagaragaye ko isano iri hagati y'umugozi wa moteri n'agasanduku k'ibikoresho byari byaracitse kandi bitandukanijwe. Kongera gukaza vis kugira ngo bihuzwe neza byakemuye ikibazo. Byongeye kandi, moteri nkuru ikora binyuze mu gukora kuri brushes za karuboni. Niba brushes za karuboni zashaje cyane, ntizikore ku mpeta zisohoka, cyangwa zifite uburyaryate buke, imashini ifunga nayo izakora buhoro buhoro. Gusimbuza brushes za karuboni ubwoko bumwe bw'izindi nshya bizakemura ikibazo.
6. Udupira n'ibimenyetso bidasanzwe ku gice cyo gufunga
Iri kosa naryo rikunze kugaragara. Nubwo ritatera gusohoka kw'ipaki, bigira ingaruka ku miterere y'ipaki kandi ryangiza ishusho y'ibicuruzwa.
Impamvu z'ingenzi zitera iri kosa ni izi zikurikira:
- Nyuma yo gukoresha ibikoresho igihe kirekire, ivumbi n'ibice bya pulasitiki n'indi myanda bihambira ku mukandara ushyushye cyane, bigatuma umukandara utagira ubugari kandi utaringaniye. Ibi bituma ubushyuhe butaringaniye aho upfundikirwa. Nyuma yo gukanda ukoresheje ipine ikonjesha, hagaragara uduheri. Gusukura cyangwa gusimbuza umukandara ushyushye cyane bishobora gukuraho ikibazo. Umukandara ushyushye cyane muri rusange uba ufite ubugari bwa cm 1.5 n'ubugari bwa μm 22. Niba bidashoboka ko woza umwanda, ugomba gukurwaho.
- Hari ibimenyetso by'ubugari n'ubugari ku ruziga rw'icyuma gikonjesha bitondetse mu buryo butari bwo, bigaragara ku ipaki, bigatuma habaho ibimenyetso byinshi bigaragara aho ipaki ifungirwa. Kugira ngo ipaki igaragare neza, ni byiza gusimbuza uruziga rw'icyuma gikonjesha.
7. Ibigomba kwitabwaho mu kubungabunga ibikoresho
- Imashini ifunga igomba gushyirwa ahantu hahumeka umwuka kandi humutse, ubushyuhe bw'icyumba bugaguma kuri dogere 25°C.
- Nyuma ya buri masaha 48 imashini ifunga ikora, amavuta ya moteri ya 6# agomba kongerwa kuri buri gice kigenda, cyane cyane kuri za verisiyo, bearing, na gearbox.
- Gukuraho ivumbi buri gihe bigomba gukorwa kugira ngo imashini yose ikomeze kugira isuku. Iyo idakoreshwa, ni byiza gukuramo umuriro w'amashanyarazi ugapfuka n'igipfundikizo.
- Niba igihe cyo gukora ari kirekire cyane, umufana ushyushya ugomba gufungura mbere yo kuzimya imashini. Tegereza kugeza ubushyuhe bugabanutse mbere yo kuzimya imashini. Kuko iyo uzimye imashini idakonjesha, umukandara w'ubushyuhe bwinshi biroroshye cyane kwangirika.
- Umukandara ushyushye cyane ugomba gusukurwa buri gihe kugira ngo hamenyekane ko ufunga neza.
- Ibice byashaje cyane bigomba gusimbuzwa mu gihe runaka kugira ngo imashini yose yongere igihe cyo kubaho.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-26-2025